不同贮藏温度结合热处理对黄瓜品质及生理生化指标的影响

利用二次回归正交旋转组合设计测出的不同贮藏温度（2、4和8℃）下各自对应的最佳热处理条件，研究不同贮藏温度（2、4和8℃）结合其对应的最佳热处理条件对贮藏期间黄瓜果实品质及生理生化指标的影响，分别对该贮藏条件下黄瓜果实的冷害、硬度、失重率、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、可溶性蛋白、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、H₂O₂、超氧阴离子自由基O^2-?、ASA和GSH含量进行测定。结果表明，热处理可以抑制冷害，而热处理结合4℃低温贮藏可以有效地抑制黄瓜果实硬度和失重率的下降，延缓过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的上升，抑制H₂O₂和超氧阴离子自由基O^2-?的上升，对黄瓜的褐变有显著抑制作用，延缓抗坏血酸的下降，维持还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量，有利于调节活性氧系统的平衡。研究表明，在4℃贮藏条件下，黄瓜的热水处理条件为39.4℃、24.3 min时，可延缓黄瓜果实的衰老，较好地保持了果实的品质。     

基于二次正交旋转组合设计的西葫芦果实 贮前热处理条件的优化

为明确热水处理减轻西葫芦果实冷害的最佳处理条件，以“绿丰”西葫芦为材料，电解质外渗率y为冷害的表征指标，在单因素试验基础上，采用二次正交旋转组合试验设计，研究热处理温度x₁、热处理时间x₂对西葫芦果实表征函数影响，并经统计分析，建立数学模型。 结果表明，所得回归方程为y= 142.608 647-0.690 821x₂ + 0.051 444 x₁² + 0.007 499 x₂²，达到极显著水平，且无失拟因素存在；在热处理（43.3℃、28.4 min）的最佳工艺条件下，于（4±0.5）℃低温下胁迫10 d后西葫芦果实电解质外渗率实测值为33.41%，与理论值相对误差为0.95%，较未处理组降低了27.26%。该试验优化西葫芦果实冷害减轻的热处理工艺参数准确可靠、稳定、可行，为西葫芦采后贮藏技术与果蔬冷害防治的进一步研究提供了一定的技术依据。     

同期排卵处理母牛体温和活动量变化规律及效果分析

为探究同期排卵处理母牛体温和活动量变化规律及不同同期排卵技术处理效果，指导同期排卵技术优化。本研究自动监测了18头20月龄左右同期排卵（GnRH-PG-GnRH）处理荷斯坦母牛和17头产后40~60 d预同期排卵（PG-PG-GnRH-PG-GnRH）处理荷斯坦母牛的体温和活动量，应用自动检测系统进行母牛发情监测。结果发现，同期排卵处理母牛发情时阴道温度平均升高（0.43±0.20）℃，持续（12.37±2.73）h；活动量平均升高（18.28±18.61）倍，持续（11.00±1.68）h；排卵时阴道温度平均下降（0.20±0.10）℃，持续（11.00±1.68）h。自动化发情监测显示，同期排卵处理母牛7头发情并排卵；预同期排卵母牛GnRH处理前全部发情排卵。两种同期排卵处理，虽可改变母牛性周期进程，促进母牛性周期同步化，但均难以使母牛性周期完全同步。因此，将同期排卵-定时输精和发情鉴定技术科学结合才能取得更好的繁殖效果。     

Effect of allele combinations at Ppd-1 loci on durum wheat grain filling at contrasting latitudes

Flowering time is the most critical developmental stage in wheat, as it determines environmental conditions during grain filling. Thirty-five spring durum genotypes carrying all known allele variants at Ppd-1 loci were evaluated in fully irrigated field experiments for three years at latitudes of 41°N (Spain), 27°N (northern Mexico) and 19°N (southern Mexico). Relationships between weight of central grains of main spikes (W) and thermal time from flowering to maturity were described by a logistic equation. Differences in flowering time between the allele combination causing the earliest (GS100/Ppd-B1a) and the latest (Ppd-A1b/Ppd-B1a) flowering were 7, 20 and 18 days in Spain, northern Mexico and southern Mexico, respectively. Flowering delay drastically reduced the mean grain filling rate (R) and W at all sites. At autumn-sowing sites, an increase of 1°C in mean temperature during the first half of the grain filling period decreased W by 5.2 mg per grain. At these sites, W was strongly dependent on R. At the spring-sowing site (southern Mexico), W depended on both R and grain filling duration. Our results suggest that incorporating the allele combinations GS100/Ppd-B1a and GS105/Ppd-B1a (alleles conferring photoperiod insensitivity) in newly released varieties can reduce the negative effects of climate change on grain filling at the studied latitudes.     

温度对红曲菌以荞麦为基质固态发酵产色素的影响

发酵温度是影响微生物繁殖和代谢最重要的因素之一。利用红曲菌以荞麦为基质进行固态发酵,考查发酵温度对发酵产红曲荞麦中的生物量、色价和总黄酮含量的影响。结果表明,在发酵的前6 d,生物量随着发酵温度的升高而增大;6 d之后,30℃条件下生长量增长最快;发酵4 d后产生色素,黄、橙、红3种色素的色价在30℃条件下都增长最快。荞麦基质中的黄酮含量在发酵过程中变化不显著。     

基于大型渔业平台的深远海渔业发展现状与思考

基于渔业产业现状,分析国内外在大型渔业平台、深海网箱和养殖工船方面的发展现状,提出“游弋式”养殖工船及深远海渔业的基本概念。受限于投资成本、技术发展水平等客观因素,中国深远海养殖发展速度缓慢,但近年来取得了一定的发展成效。笔者针对现阶段渔业粗放型生产方式的现状,从国家战略、渔业改革和产业需求等角度分析深远海渔业发展的必要性,认为发展以养殖工船为代表的深远海大型渔业平台是实现渔业强国之路的有效途径之一,走出一条符合中国国情的深远海渔业平台的开发之路势在必行。     

High night-time temperature during flowering and pod filling affects flower opening,yield and seed fatty acid composition in canola

Winter canola (Brassica napus L.) is highly sensitive to increasing temperatures during the reproductive and pod-filling stages. Although the impact of high day-time temperature stress on yield and quality has been documented in canola, similar information under high night-time temperature (HNT) stress is not available. Using six hybrids and four open-pollinated cultivars, we observed a marked shift in peak flowering towards earlier, cooler hours of the morning under HNT. Averaged across two independent experiments, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was significantly decreased (3%), with a significant increase in thylakoid membrane damage (13%) in the leaves of susceptible cultivars under HNT stress. Similarly, the susceptible cultivars also recorded significant reduction in biomass (34%), pod number (22%), pod weight (37%) and total seed weight (40%) per plant while the same set of agronomic traits were not affected among the tolerant cultivars. Quantitative impact of heat stress was confirmed with increased sensitivity to HNT exposure from gametogenesis until maturity resulting in a significantly higher yield loss compared to stress exposure from post-flowering till maturity. HNT significantly decreased oil concentration, but increased protein concentration and saturated fatty acid levels in seeds of the susceptible cultivars. However, HNT had no impact on the unsaturated fatty acids in both hybrids and the open-pollinated cultivars. Breeding targets based on fatty acid composition for enhancing canola seed quality may not be easily amenable due to the inconsistency documented with the compositional changes under heat stress. In summary, our findings conclude that canola hybrids are better suited to regions experiencing heat stress, compared to open-pollinated cultivars, indicating the possibility of a complete shift to hybrid canola cultivation under predicted hotter climates in the future.     

不同裂解温度的污泥生物质炭理化特性分析

研究裂解温度对污泥生物质炭基础理化性质的影响,为安全、合理、高效处置污泥提供理论依据。将干燥污泥分别在200、300、500、700℃下进行热裂解处理(SBC200、SBC300、SBC500、SBC700),获得污泥生物质炭,测定其基础理化特性。结果表明：不同温度制备的污泥生物质炭表面颗粒结构完好,孔径范围均集中在10~50 μm,其中低温生物质炭SBC200表面较光滑,最可几孔径和中值孔径最大,分别为20.1 μm和14.8 μm,高温生物质炭SBC700表面较粗糙,比表面积最大,为5.98 m²/g。随裂解温度的提高,污泥生物质炭的产率、含水量、电导率、挥发分、阳离子交换量显著下降,全碳、氧、全氮、氢含量、有效磷和铵态氮均逐渐降低,pH和灰分含量显著增加。将污泥制备成生物质炭,是安全处置污泥的有效途径,低温制得的污泥生物质炭具有更大的提高土壤肥力的潜力,而高温制得的生物质炭在改良土壤酸性的应用上具有更大的潜力。     

Population dynamics of the potato cyst nematode,Globodera pallida,in relation to temperature,potato cultivar and nematicide application

The impact of increasing temperatures on the population dynamics of the soil-dwelling nematode Globodera pallida, a persistent and economically important pest of potatoes, was investigated. The reproductive factor (final population⁄initial population) and length of life cycle were found to be temperature sensitive. Pot experiments performed over 4 months allowed comparison of the effect on development of G. pallida of two temperature regimes: an average temperature comparable to current field conditions (14.3 °C) and an average temperature above current field conditions (17.3 °C). A larger second generation of juveniles was observed at 17.3 °C compared to 14.3 °C. Multiplication of G. pallida at field sites in Shropshire and East Lothian (average soil temperatures of 15.5 and 14.1 °C, respectively, during potato cropping) was also examined. A quantitative PCR assay and visual examination of roots were used to monitor the dynamics of the G. pallida populations in both field sites at 4-weekly intervals. Four cultivars, Desirée, Cara, Maris Piper and Estima, were grown with and without nematicide treatments. Nematicide treatments suppressed population increases at both sites. Females were observed on the roots of cvs Cara and Desirée at the end of the growing season in Shropshire, but not at East Lothian, and are likely to represent a second generation.     

云南小粒咖啡果皮粉发酵酸奶的研制

以鲜牛奶为主要原料，添加云南小粒咖啡果皮粉、蔗糖、琼脂，直投式发酵菌种为发酵剂，以酸奶感官品质评分为考察指标，在单因素试验的基础上，应用Box-Behnken试验设计优化确定最佳的云南小粒咖啡果皮粉发酵酸奶的工艺与配方。结果表明：咖啡果皮粉添加量为鲜奶量的0.63%，蔗糖为鲜奶量的7.50%，琼脂为鲜奶量的0.55%，发酵时间6.6 h时，获得的发酵酸奶的感官品质评分为91分，产品组织状态均匀，口感细腻，略带有咖啡香味，感官评价最佳。